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Apache Cassandra™ 1.2
(Not supported)
About Apache Cassandra
Key features
Key CQL features
Other CQL 3 enhancements
Other changes
CQL
Understanding the architecture
Architecture in brief
Internode communications (gossip)
Configuring gossip settings
Purging gossip state on a node
Failure detection and recovery
Data distribution and replication
Consistent hashing
Virtual nodes
Data replication
Partitioners
Murmur3Partitioner
RandomPartitioner
ByteOrderedPartitioner
Snitches
Dynamic snitching
SimpleSnitch
RackInferringSnitch
PropertyFileSnitch
GossipingPropertyFileSnitch
Ec2Snitch
EC2MultiRegionSnitch
Client requests
Write requests
Multiple data center write requests
Read requests
Planning a cluster deployment
Selecting hardware for enterprise implementations
Planning an Amazon EC2 cluster
Calculating usable disk capacity
Calculating user data size
Anti-patterns in Cassandra
Installing DataStax Community
Installing the RHEL-based packages
Installing the Debian and Ubuntu packages
Installing on all Linux or Mac OSX systems
Installing or expanding a Cassandra cluster on Amazon EC2
Installing the Oracle JRE and the JNA
Installing Oracle JRE on RHEL-based Systems
Installing the JRE on Debian-based systems
Installing the JNA on RHEL or CentOS Systems
Installing the JNA on SUSE Systems
Installing the JNA on Debian or Ubuntu Systems
Installing the JNA using the binary tarball
Recommended production settings
Upgrading Cassandra
Best practices
Prerequisites
Debian or Ubuntu
RHEL or CentOS
Tarball
Completing the upgrade
Changes impacting upgrade
Initializing a cluster
Initializing a multiple node cluster (single data center)
Initializing a multiple node cluster (multiple data centers)
Security
Securing Cassandra
SSL encryption
Client-to-node encryption
Node-to-node encryption
Using cqlsh with SSL encryption
Preparing server certificates
Internal authentication
Internal authentication
Configuring authentication
Logging in using cqlsh
Internal authorization
Object permissions
Configuring internal authorization
Configuring firewall port access
Database internals
Managing data
Throughput and latency
Separate table directories
About writes
The role of replication
How Cassandra stores data
Compaction
About index updates
About inserts and updates
The write path of an update
About deletes
About hinted handoff writes
About reads
Reading a clustered row
About the read path
How write patterns affect reads
How the row cache affects reads
How compaction and compression affect reads
About transactions and concurrency control
Atomicity
Tunable consistency
Isolation
Durability
Configuring data consistency
About schema changes
Handling schema disagreements
Configuration
Node and cluster configuration
Configuring the heap dump directory
Generating tokens
Configuring virtual nodes
Enabling virtual nodes on a new cluster
Enabling virtual nodes on an existing production cluster
Logging configuration
Logging levels
Changing the rotation and size of the Cassandra output.log
Changing the rotation and size of the Cassandra system.log
Commit log archive configuration
Operations
Monitoring Cassandra
Monitoring a Cassandra cluster
Tuning Bloom filters
Data caching
Configuring data caches
Monitoring and adjusting caching
Configuring memtable throughput
Configuring compaction
Compression
Compression
Configuring compression
When to compress data
Testing compaction and compression
Tuning Java resources
Repairing nodes
Adding or removing a node or data center
Adding nodes to an existing cluster
Adding a data center to a cluster
Replacing a dead node
Replacing a running node
Decommissioning a data center
Removing a node
Backing up and restoring data
Taking a snapshot
Deleting snapshot files
Enabling incremental backups
Restoring from a Snapshot
Node restart method
Recovering from a single disk failure using JBOD
Cassandra tools
The nodetool utility
Cassandra bulk loader
The cassandra utility
The cassandra-stress tool
Options for cassandra-stress
Using the Daemon Mode
Interpreting the output of cassandra-stress
The cassandra-shuffle utility
Commands and options
The sstablescrub utility
The sstable2json / json2sstable utilities
The sstable2json utility
The json2sstable utility
sstablekeys
The sstableupgrade tool
Using CLI
Using CLI
Starting CLI on a single node
Start CLI in a multinode cluster
Creating a keyspace
Accessing CQL 3 tables
About data types
Creating a table
Creating a counter table
Inserting rows and columns
Reading rows and columns
Setting an expiring column
Indexing a column
Deleting rows and columns
Dropping tables and keyspaces
References
Starting and stopping Cassandra
Starting Cassandra as a service
Starting Cassandra as a stand-alone process
Stopping Cassandra as a service
Stopping Cassandra as a stand-alone process
Clearing the data as a service
Clearing the data as a stand-alone process
Install locations
Locations of the configuration files
CLI keyspace and table storage configuration
Table attributes
Moving data to/from other databases
Troubleshooting
Reads are getting slower while writes are still fast
Nodes seem to freeze after some period of time
Nodes are dying with OOM errors
Nodetool or JMX connections failing on remote nodes
View of ring differs between some nodes
Java reports an error saying there are too many open files
Cannot initialize class org.xerial.snappy.Snappy
Firewall idle connection timeout causing nodes to lose communication during low traffic times
Release notes
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Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting topics.
Reads are getting slower while writes are still fast
The cluster's IO capacity is not enough to handle the write load it is receiving.
Nodes seem to freeze after some period of time
Some portion of the JVM is being swapped out by the operating system (OS).
Nodes are dying with OOM errors
Nodes are dying with OutOfMemory exceptions.
Nodetool or JMX connections failing on remote nodes
Nodetool commands can be run locally but not on other nodes in the cluster.
View of ring differs between some nodes
Indicates that the ring is in a bad state.
Java reports an error saying there are too many open files
Java may not have open enough file descriptors.
Insufficient user resource limits errors
Insufficient resource limits may result in a number of errors in Cassandra and OpsCenter.
Cannot initialize class org.xerial.snappy.Snappy
An error may occur when Snappy compression/decompression is enabled although its library is available from the classpath.
Firewall idle connection timeout causing nodes to lose communication during low traffic times
Steps to configure the default idle connection timeout.
Troubleshooting
Reads are getting slower while writes are still fast
Nodes seem to freeze after some period of time
Nodes are dying with OOM errors
Nodetool or JMX connections failing on remote nodes
View of ring differs between some nodes
Java reports an error saying there are too many open files
Cannot initialize class org.xerial.snappy.Snappy
Firewall idle connection timeout causing nodes to lose communication during low traffic times
