Add single-token nodes to a cluster

Steps for adding nodes in single-token architecture clusters, not clusters using Virtual nodes.

To add capacity to a cluster, introduce new nodes in stages or by adding an entire datacenter. Use one of the following methods:

Add capacity by doubling the cluster size: Adding capacity by doubling (or tripling or quadrupling) the number of nodes is less complicated when assigning tokens. Using this method, existing nodes keep their existing token assignments, and the new nodes are assigned tokens that bisect (or trisect) the existing token ranges.
Add capacity for a non-uniform number of nodes: When increasing capacity with this method, you must recalculate tokens for the entire cluster, and assign the new tokens to the existing nodes.

Only add new nodes to the cluster: A new node is a system that DSE has never started.

The node must have absolutely no previous data in the data directory, saved_caches, commitlog, or hints.

Data loss or corruption can occur if you add a node that was previously used for testing or moved from another cluster because the older data is merged into the existing cluster data.

Calculate the tokens for the nodes based on your expansion strategy using the Token Generating Tool.
Install DataStax Enterprise and configure DataStax Enterprise (DSE) on each new node.
If DSE starts automatically, stop the node and clear the data.
Configure cassandra.yaml on each new node:
- auto_bootstrap: If false, set it to true. This option is not explicitly set in the default cassandra.yaml configuration file, and it defaults to true.
- cluster_name
- listen_address/broadcast_address: Leave blank or use the IP address or host name that other nodes use to connect to the new node.
- endpoint_snitch
- initial_token: Set according to your token calculations.
  
  If this property has no value, the database assigns the node a random token range, which results in a badly unbalanced ring.
- seed_provider: Make sure that the new node lists at least one seed node in the existing cluster.
  
  Seed nodes cannot bootstrap. Make sure the new nodes are not listed in the - seeds list.
  
  Do not make all nodes seed nodes. See Internode communications (gossip).
- Change any other non-default settings in the new nodes to match the existing nodes. Use the diff command to find and merge any differences between the nodes.
Depending on the snitch, assign the datacenter and rack names in the cassandra-topology.properties or cassandra-rackdc.properties for each node.
Start DSE on each new node in two minutes intervals with consistent.rangemovement turned off:
- Package installations: On each bootstrapped node, add the following option to the jvm-server.options file, and then start DSE:
  -Dcassandra.consistent.rangemovement=false
- Tarball installations: Start DSE with the following command:
  bin/cassandra -Dcassandra.consistent.rangemovement=false
Run the following operations during a low-usage time because they are resource intensive:
1. After the new nodes are fully bootstrapped, use nodetool move to assign the new initial_token value to each node that requires one, one node at a time.
2. After all nodes have their new tokens assigned, run nodetool cleanup on each node in the cluster, and then wait for cleanup to complete on each node before cleaning the next node.
  
  This step removes the keys that no longer belong to the previously existing nodes.
  
  Failure to run nodetool cleanup after adding a node can result in data inconsistencies, including resurrection of previously deleted data.

Add single-token nodes to a cluster

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